Space

United Launch Alliance launched the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-T advanced weather satellite for the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) at 4:28pm local time on an Atlas V 541 from Space Launch Complex (SLC)-41 from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS).

A United Launch Alliance Atlas V 541 rises in the sky, carrying NOAA’s GOES-T weather observation satellite on March 1, 2022

Photo ©2022 Charles Boyer / Creative Commons-Attribution license
Atlas V 541 just after solid rockets were jettisoned. It was carrying NOAA’s GOES-T weather observation satellite towards orbit on March 1, 2022
You can clearly see the strap-on boosters falling away from the main rocket — this is not an uncommon sight when the lighting is right.
Photo ©2022 Charles Boyer / Creative Commons-Attribution license
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A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket launched from pad 39A at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on March 3, 2022 from LC-39A. The Starlink 4-9 mission lofted 47 Starlink broadband satellites to orbit.

SpaceX Falcon 9 / Starlink 4-9
Liftoff, as seen from the Bennett Causeway in Cape Canaveral. Photo made with a 500mm lens and was cropped significantly.

Photo ©2022 Charles Boyer / Creative Commons-Attribution license
SpaceX Falcon 9 / Starlink 4-9
Near the end of its boost phase, Falcon 9 pitches upwards.
Photo ©2022 Charles Boyer / Creative Commons-Attribution license
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SpaceX Starlink Group 4-12 mission March 19, 2022

Storms cleared just in time for SpaceX to launch more Starlink satellites tonight from Cape Canaveral. Perfect launch but a photo fail here, I think. The launch itself was totally blown out — too bright — but I learned something and had a little fun. That’s really all that matters. FWIW, this is unfiltered straight out of the camera.

— at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 40.

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In the late spring of 1982 shortly after the American shuttle had started flying missions, word reached the west that the Soviet Union had launched their own space shuttle. As was customary at the time, the Soviets gave little to no information on what the spacecraft was, and that left the western press to make their best guess.

The widely respected Aviation and Space Technology magazine released this rendering, which made its way to various periodicals.

Obviously, Buran was very different.

From the Orlando Sentinel, June 1982
An image from Baikonur of the actual Buran (Бура́н) Space Shuttle
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I drove out to Playalinda Beach on the Cape Canaveral National Seashore yesterday (it’s about 30 minutes away) and got a great look at Artemis-1 as it sat on Launch Complex 39-B awaiting Wet Dress Rehearsal on April 1-3, 2022.

Artemis 1, March 27, 2022
Artemis 1 sits on LC-39B on March 27, 2022.
Seen from Pullout #5 on the Beach Road in the Cape Canaveral National Seashore.
Photo ©2022 Charles Boyer / Creative Commons-Attribution license

Artemis will be at LC-39B until sometime the week of April 4th, when it will be returned to the Vehicle Assembly Building to be prepared for its launch to the moon. When it flies, it will be the most powerful rocket ever launched — 39,000 kN (8,800,000 lb) of force — more than the venerable Saturn V.

Given a successful dress rehearsal, it should head to the moon from Kennedy Space Center in June. It will orbit Luna for five days after arrival, and then depart back for the Earth.

Artemis-1 sits on its launch pad as the daylight turns golden and heads towards the evening.
Seen from Pullout #5 on the Beach Road in the Cape Canaveral National Seashore. This photo is best appreciated at full size. Click to enlarge.
Photo ©2022 Charles Boyer / Creative Commons-Attribution license
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When an employee of NASA or one of its contractors participated in a major milestone, they were often sent a thank you letter from their manager. Here’s one my grandfather got from his boss, Dr. Kurt Debus.

In this case, my grandfather got a letter from his boss, Dr. Kurt Debus, congratulating him for his participation in helping to launch America’s first satellite, Explorer 1. The satellite was not only the first for the nation, it was also the first to carry scientific instruments designed to make measurements in the new frontier of outer space.

Explorer 1: Scientific Payload (courtesy NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory

One of the measurements that the satellite made was cosmic rays — a form of high-energy radiation that constantly bombards the Earth, and originates from outside our solar system. The expected count was thirty strikes per second on the instruments aboard Explorer 1, but periodically, it would drop to near zero. Analysis of this data showed that zero counts were occurring when Explorer 1 was at an altitude of 2,000 km above Earth, but it would rise to the expected level of thirty. This in turn led to more experimentation on later satellites, and as a result, the Van Allen Belt was discovered — a geomagnetic phenomena where highly changed particles are trapped in the magnetic fields surrounding the Earth.

Explorer 1 at LAunch Complex 26-A in Cape Canaveral prior to its launch (photo: NASA)

Debus’s letter to my grandfather:

Kurt Debus letter to V. L. Pinson Sr. (from Pinson’s archives)

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“Rogozin is at it again,” harked a post on Twitter today. Rogozin is of course Dmitry Olegovich Rogozin, the Director General of Roscosmos, Russia’s state corporation for spaceflight activities and systems. “At it” meant that he had given a speech regarding the current state of the Russian space program, its future and its plans. I suppose “at it” was also meant that Rogozin had made sensational sort of statement, something he’s known for from time to time. He didn’t really do that this time, however, instead he gave a frank statement of how his program needs to improve and what his viewpoint of the American space program is.

Rogozin makes some good points, with a touch of the same sort of jingoism Americans were applauding as it came from the Cape and Houston just a couple of weeks ago as NASA and SpaceX sent two astronauts to orbit on the ISS. Write off the Russian space program at your own peril — they are the ones who have uninterrupted access to orbit for over forty years.

He called out NASA spokesperson Stephanie Schierholz, who told Forbes magazine last week that “cosmonauts will fly on Crew Dragon and Boeing Starliner and vice versa.” Aside from Schierholz’s statement, there’s no evidence that Russia is planning to fly on either craft — they have purchased no contracts, nor have they publicly submitted any RFP’s for one. Russia has no need to buy seats, as it has a reliable ride to space of its own.

Rogozin also offered a riposte to Elon Musk, when he said “on May 30 Elon Musk did not bring us down — he brought down his compatriots from Boeing passing them with the beginning of the flight tests. This war is theirs, but not ours. We have a long-standing and continuously working national transport system; we constantly refine it, at the same time building a new and more advanced spacecraft.”

What do you expect him to say? Should he fawn like a SpaceX fanboi on Twitter and suggest that the Russians shut down a program that has ~1900 successful launches, 173 crewed? That is absurd. Rogozin is correct, besides. The competition was not with them, it was Boeing vs. SpaceX. Yes, Russia charged NASA far more than SpaceX will, but the Russians were also charging what the market would bear, something that should be near and dear to a country to claims to love the free market and capitalism. The only possible competition would have come from China, a country that NASA is forbidden to work with in any international space effort. It was Russia or America would have had to abandon ISS entirely. Given that stark choice, Russia’s price was a bargain.

Much was also made in the about the vast superiority of Crew Dragon and Falcon 9 versus Soyuz. Certainly Crew Dragon is more modern, after all, its base design is a little more than a decade old. Its crewed flight capabilities are still being tested for the first time — while it is successfully in orbit, that was only one-third of its mission: go to orbit, stay there and test the long-term capabilities of the craft to stay functional and then return the crew safely home. Until it meets the latter two milestones, one underway, the other yet to come later in the summer, the mission cannot be called a success. On the other hand, Soyuz was and still is the most venerable human launch system in existence. It’s record speaks for itself.

“We have a unique record of 173 successful flights. Even the three emergencies caused by the carrier rocket failures in 1975, 1983 and 2018 occurring during various injection stages showed its unique survivability due to the launch escape system reliability. By the way, the Soyuz rocket of various configurations has performed over 1,900 launches,” said Rogozin.

True. Soyuz is, by far, the most experienced and iterated design of any spacecraft, ever. Is it dated? Yes. But it has continued from its maiden launch in the days of Gemini until now. The Soviets/Russians have not had the capability gaps that existed here between Apollo and STS, the delays after STS tragedies, and the last gap between STS and Commercial Crew.

And it will stay that way, because not all nations want to depend on America for access to space. That is why Rogozin mentioned “the time-honored spacecraft created and designed by Sergey Korolev to conquer the Moon, will serve for a while even after the new Oryol spacecraft becomes operational.” In other words, the Russians will continue to have access to space now and for as far as one can peer into the future.

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Here’s a fun little thought experiment for the space enthusiast: suppose for a moment that NASA and the US had followed what the Soviets and later Roscosmos did with Soyuz: kept improving the existing system incrementally and kept the system flying while they did.

Instead of building a new booster stack for every new program – STS, now ISS, and later whatever we do with SLS when it finishes, we had kept the Saturn IB / Apollo CSM system in service and had iteratively improved it as technology improved? At least on the surface, the answer seems be a “yes.”

Soyuz launching the Soviet part of the ASTP mission from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in 1975. Alexei Leonov and Valeri Kubasov would later meet in space with Thomas Stafford, Vance Brand and Deke Slayton in orbit on the last spaceflight of the Saturn family.

photo: TASS, via NASA.

While it was hardly sexy, “Cluster’s Last Stand” had a great track record. Save for Apollo 13 (caused by human error) the same can be said for the CSM. I think the H-1 (later RS-27) engine would have evolved to something similar to the Merlin in performance terms (both are gas-generator engines) and the J2 engine on the S-IVB Saturn IB second stage had plenty of go (1,033.1 kN).

 A Saturn IB lifts off from Kennedy Space Center in the 1970’s. Seen below the rocket’s plume is the distinctive pedestal used to match the relatively diminutive IB to the launch tower.

photo: NASA

On the top, literally, an Apollo capsule with even the second generation Shuttle avionics much less CST-100 or Orion avionics would have been something to behold, plus whatever improvements to another 40 years of development and manufacturing would have brought. Would the Apollo CSM have evolved to something reusable? Maybe.

Did we quit flying every time we built a new kind of airplane? No. But that’s what the US has effectively done with its space program: nothing launched from US soil during the development of the next program. This happened in the 1970’s between Apollo and the Space Shuttle and it has been since 2011 and the end of the Shuttle program that US astronauts have gone to space on an American rocket. It seems illogical, but that’s what has happened.

Ironically, the US and NASA depend on the venerable Soyuz workhorse to ferry astronauts to ISS. Soyuz has been in service since 1967, and its replacement is only now in advanced development in Russia.

One thing is certain: the US would have never had the launch gap in the 1970’s between ASTP and STS, nor would we have one now. The Russians have never had a flight gap since Soyuz entered service in the late 1960’s, save for the short periods following incident investigations. And even today, they can continue to use the venerable Soyuz while RKK Energia works through the issues with their new Federation spacecraft (its maiden launch is expected to slip from 2022 to 2024.)

A breakdown of the Saturn IB flight stack. 

Source: NASA msfc-71-pm 1100-29

Meanwhile, our *three* human spaceflight programs all have their own issues. At the time of this writing in May, 2019, SpaceX is piecing together the data and the remains of its first Crew Dragon capsule after it exploded during a test, Boeing is working through its own issues with its onboard launch escape system engines on the CST-100 and SLS continues to plod through development and testing (and is years behind schedule.)

Perhaps we should have kept the old uprated Saturn I system. It would be interesting to have seen what we could have done in space had we kept the old bird flying.

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My father Armand worked at Cape Kennedy (now Kennedy Space Center) during the Apollo program.  He was the Pad Fire Chief whose fire and safety responsibility was launch pad operations — and that included astronaut safety except for when they were in the rocket itself.  Once they were strapped in, the Launch Escape System (a rocket on top of the rocket) was the primary safety system, but anywhere else, that was Dad’s team.

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Apollo 7 lifts off from Cape Kennedy on October 11, 1968.

When it came time to launch Apollo 7, everyone at Kennedy Space Center was tense — it was the first human-crewed flight of Apollo, and it was the first time men humans would be going to space after the AS-204 (Apollo 1) tragedy that had claimed three astronauts in the first design of the Apollo capsule.  America had started falling behind schedule in its schedule to get to the moon before 1970, and on this flight, everything had to go right…or perhaps the program would be canceled.

If there’s one thing about NASA, is that’s they pay attention to the smallest details.  That’s because major incidents always start small…and mushroom from there.  On this particular mission, due to the previous tragedy in the capsule, extra attention was given to FOD — foreign object debris — that might be loose in the capsule.  The fear was another fire, and no one was taking any chances.  None.

nasa-apollo-7-flight-crew-to-launch-pad-photo-print-2With that, word came down from on high in the NASA hierarchy: once they were in their flight suits, no one was to touch the astronauts, under penalty of instant dismissal from their position.  The mission managers made it clear that they meant business and that meant anyone.

Part of Dad’s job was to ride up in the elevator on the rocket gantry to the White Room — the place where crew would help each astronaut into the capsule.  This elevator was essentially a hardened industrial elevator, big enough to move a lot of people and gear, but not so big one could stand on the other side of a room.  There wasn’t room enough for that.

68-HC-428HR

Wally Schirra waiting to go to the launch pad to start the Apollo 7 mission on October 11, 1968.

The mission command was Walter “Wally” Schirra, a crack former Navy test pilot and an inveterate smart-ass.  He and my father knew each other well from launches and rehearsals for the Apollo 7 launch.  They’d spent a lot of time testing emergency evacuation systems, refining them afterwards in meetings, and probably hoisting a couple of drinks after work back in Cocoa Beach.  That meant Wally had also experienced by Dad’s wicked sense of humor, and anyone that ever knew him said the same thing: he was a masterful raconteur who loved to laugh and loved to tell a joke even more.  He and Schirra were two peas in a pod.

So the astronauts get out of their van, walk up to the elevator on the launch pad and they start riding up towards their seats, and Dad was with them in their procession.

Dad told me that they ended up in the back, side by side, riding up to the top when Schirra starts laughing, gives my Dad “a shit-eating grin” and then “started rubbing shoulder all over me, laughing.”

What did you think about that?

“I was scared shitless that one of the Germans would turn around and I’d have to come home and explain to your mother why I’d gotten fired.”

But you didn’t, right?

“Nope, the Germans turned around, looked at Schirra and said in their perfect* English ‘stop it Schirra.  Armand has kids at home.'”

Did you worry about getting any FOD on Wally?

“No, we were in jumpers and they were the cleanest clothes I ever wore.  Wally knew it too.”

Dad told me that the rest of the way was silent, and when they got to the top, and then he looked at my Schirra and said, “give me a hug goodbye, Wally!”

Yup, the world watching and two smart-asses are cutting up behind the scenes.  That was my Dad.

  • most of zee Germans had accents.
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