\The fully assembled Carruthers Geocorona Observatory at AstroTech in Titusville earlier this month. Photo: Charles Boyer
The Carruthers Geocorona Observatory is one of NASA’s newest Earth-facing space weather missions, named in honor of the late George Carruthers, a pioneering astrophysicist who built the first lunar-based telescope as part of the Apollo 16 mission.
George Carruthers, center, in 1971. The telescope he designed was used on the Apollo 16 mission to produce images of the geocorona, Earth’s outermost atmosphere. In this photo, he is explaining the device to astronaut John Young, at right. Photo: NASA
What Will This Observatory Measure?
The observatory’s mission is to image the geocorona, a vast cloud of hydrogen atoms that extends tens of thousands of miles beyond Earth’s atmosphere. Also called the exosphere, it is invisible to the naked eye. The geocorona’s hydrogen halo interacts with solar radiation and can be measured to monitor how solar activity affects Earth’s environment.
The Carruthers Observatory uses ultraviolet (UV) imaging to observe how the geocorona responds to solar emissions, particularly during solar storms. By watching the movement and intensity of hydrogen glow in the far-UV spectrum, scientists can get early indicators of incoming disturbances from the Sun.
“Carruthers gives us a front-row seat to the very edge of Earth’s atmospheric bubble,” said Nicola Fox, associate administrator for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate. “It’s a critical piece in understanding how Earth responds to solar energy.”
Heading To L1
After launch, the telescope will travel to the L1, or the first Lagrange Point, which is relatively near the Earth — about one million miles away. L1 is the point of gravitational equilibrium between the Earth and the Sun, and that region provides a stable position for small objects to reside while using a minimum amount of fuel to remain there. Several scientific payloads, such as the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) also reside in the region.
Lagrange-1, or L1, lays about a million miles from Earth in the direction of the Sun. This is about four times the distance from Earth to Moon. Graphic adapted from a NOAA original.
Carruthers will be able to directly measure the size of Earth’s geocorona for the first time. The first Carruthers telescope landed on the moon, too close to see the geocorona in its entirety. That said, this mission will enable scientists to measure the size of Earth’s atmosphere for the first time.
The spacecraft is part of the IMAP Rideshare mission, which will launch tomorrow Wednesday.
Details
Mission
Falcon 9 Block 5 | IMAP & others — Go for Launch!
Organization
SpaceX
Location
Kennedy Space Center, FL, USA
Rocket
Falcon 9
Pad
Launch Complex 39A
Status
Go for Launch
Status Info
Current T-0 confirmed by official or reliable sources.
Window Opens
Wednesday, 09/24/2025 7:30:35 AM
Window Closes
Wednesday, 09/24/2025 7:30:35 AM
Destination
Heliocentric L1
Mission Description
IMAP (Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe) is a NASA mission to study interactions between solar wind and the local interstellar medium.
Carrying a suite of 10 scientific instruments, IMAP is able to investigate how particles are accelerated, determine their composition,
as well as help to advance space weather forecasting models.
The IMAP launch also includes the space weather satellite SWFO-L1 (Space Weather Follow-On – L1) for NOAA and the GLIDE
(Global Lyman-alpha Imagers of the Dynamic Exosphere/Carruthers Geocorona Observatory) mission to study far ultraviolet emission in the Earth’s exosphere.
As of 12:22 PM Monday September 22, 2025. Launch times are subject to change or cancellation at any time.
Consult SpaceX.com for more information.
Captain James A. “Jim” Lovell Jr., the NASA astronaut who commanded the the Apollo 13 mission and became a symbol of courage and ingenuity, died Thursday at the age of 97 in Lake Forest, Illinois. Lovell’s death was confirmed by family members.
Born March 25, 1928, in Cleveland, Ohio, Lovell logged more than 700 hours in space over four missions. His calm under pressure during Apollo 13—immortalized by the phrase “Houston, we’ve had a problem”—cemented his place in history. Lovell was, as one former NASA engineer told us, “a cool customer.”
While he and his family were never Space Coast residents, Lovell still had deep connections to the area, dating back to the mid-1960s when, as a member of NASA’s “Next Nine” astronaut class.
His first mission, Gemini 7 in 1965, launched from Cape Canaveral’s Launch Complex 19, set a then-record for space endurance. More importantly, GEmini 7 was part of the first orbital rendezvous between two crewed spacecraft. Gemini 6A, piloted by Wally Schirra and Tom Stafford, and Gemini 7 achieved an orbital rendezvous.
Many overlook the importance of Gemini 7 and 6A: they proved NASA’s capability to calculate and coordinate two spacecraft in flight, and therefore that the Apollo capsule (CSM) and lander (LM) could rendezvous and dock. While today, those maneuvers are a routine part of any crewed mission, the two Gemini flights were the first actually to do it. And that with mid-1960’s computing power, meaning that the calculations were largely done by hand and that at great pace.
The Gemini 7 Astronauts: Jim Lovell, left, and Frank Borman, right.
Photo: NASA
Lovell would return to Florida’s coast for the launch of Gemini 12 in 1966. The last flight of the Gemini program, he commanded the mission with Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin as his co-pilot. The pair rendezvoused and docked with a target vehicle, and that mission served to further NASA’s and America’s confidence in the spaceflight capabilities of their program.
While those flights were record-breaking, Lovell’s best-known flights were on Apollo 8 in 1968—the first human flight around the Moon, and later, Apollo 13. Gemini proved that Lovell was a cool customer and an incredible space jockey, but the Apollo flights turned him into a legendary hero.
On Apollo 8, Lovell served as the Command Module Pilot. Apollo 8 was a daring mission: the first crewed mission to leave Earth orbit, the first humans to escape Earth’s gravity, the first to orbit another celestial body, and at the time, the farthest humans had ever traveled away from their home planet. Apollo 8 also set a record for re-entry speed after completing its mission. Jim Lovell drove.
Launched from Kennedy Space Center on December 21, 1968, the mission was a bold response to the Soviet Union’s lunar efforts. The Russian program was rumored to be preparing a circumlunar crewed Zond mission to beat NASA and the Americans to the moon, and snatching away another space record from America’s grasp. That would have been yet another coup for the Soviets and yet another crushing defeat for the United States on the global stage.
Four months before launch, Apollo 8’s mission plan was changed, and a lot of chips were pushed into the middle of the table by NASA and the Johnson administration.
With Commander Frank Borman focusing on overall mission leadership and Lunar Module Pilot Bill Anders focused on photography and scientific observations, Lovell’s primary responsibility was navigation and spacecraft systems management. His expertise was crucial in ensuring the spacecraft, Columbia, stayed on the correct trajectory during its unprecedented journey to lunar orbit. Lovell was in charge of getting Apollo 8 there and back.
During the mission, he handled much of the celestial navigation, using stars and onboard instruments to verify the spacecraft’s position and the accuracy of on-board computers. This was critical when Apollo 8 entered lunar orbit on December 24, 1968, becoming the first crewed spacecraft to do so. Shortly afterwards, they were the first humans to ever lay their eyes on the far side of the moon.
Lovell’s steady performance during complex orbital maneuvers gave mission control the confidence to execute the burns that allowed the crew to circle the Moon ten times. His navigational skill ensured the spacecraft maintained its proper course for both the lunar operations and the eventual return trip.
Lovell also served as the mission’s communicator within the crew, reading from the Book of Genesis during the Christmas Eve broadcast viewed by millions around the world.
When Apollo 8 successfully fired its engine to break free of lunar orbit on December 25 and head back to Earth, Lovell’s precision and calm professionalism played a vital role in ensuring the maneuver was executed flawlessly. Apollo 8’s success paved the way for the Moon landing just seven months later, and Lovell’s performance cemented his reputation as one of NASA’s most reliable and skilled astronauts.
Contemporary documentary of the Apollo 8 mission
As daring and accomplished as Apollo 8 was, it was eclipsed quickly by Apollo 11 and later, Apollo 13, but it should not be overlooked. Apollo 8 is probably the most daring spaceflight NASA has ever flown.
“I was asked to escort Charles Lindbergh to watch the launch of Apollo 11,” Jim Lovell once related, “As we listened to the countdown, I said, ‘Take a look at that Saturn V rocket. The spacecraft on top will try to land on the Moon.” But I could tell he was in deep thought, his mind elsewhere. I suspected he was thinking of his own voyage, that perilous 34-hour overwater flight from New York to Paris.”
“Suddenly he answered, “Apollo 11 will be quite an accomplishment. But your flight–Apollo 8– that initial 240,000-mile voyage from the Earth to the Moon. That’s the flight I will remember.”
Lovell and Lindbergh were two of a kind.
Apollo 13
Lovell is well known as the commander of Apollo 13, NASA’s third planned lunar landing mission. Launched from Kennedy Space Center on April 11, 1970, with Command Module Pilot Jack Swigert and Lunar Module Pilot Fred Haise, the crew’s primary objective was to land in the Fra Mauro highlands of the Moon. That was not to be.
The Apollo 13 Crew after successfully landing in 1970. Photo: NASA
Two days into the mission, an oxygen tank in the Service Module exploded, crippling the spacecraft. While the event was unfolding and all hell was breaking loose, Lovell’s calm voice relaying, “Houston, we’ve had a problem,” became an enduring symbol of composure under pressure. As commander, he was immediately responsible for diagnosing the situation alongside Mission Control and determining how to keep his crew alive with rapidly diminishing resources.
The explosion left the Command Module without enough power, heat, or oxygen to support the crew for the trip home, forcing Lovell, his crewmates and ground controllers to make quick, calculated decisions under extreme stress, all to keep Apollo 13’s capsule from turning into an icy tomb for the three astronauts. They did just that in what may be NASA’s finest hour. Lovell was front and center.
A photo of the damaged Apollo 13 Service Module after it was jettisoned before the capsule re-entered Earth’s atmosphere. Photo: NASA, Reprocessed by Andy Saunders.
One of his most critical calls was to use the Lunar Module, Aquarius, as a “lifeboat.” This shift required rerouting power, conserving water, and relying on limited life-support systems never designed for the full crew over such a long duration. Lovell coordinated with flight controllers in Houston to develop new procedures for navigation and course corrections, all while managing the psychological and physical strain on himself and his crew.
Perhaps Lovell’s most remarkable feat in space was his role in guiding Apollo 13’s manual course corrections. Without a functioning navigation computer in the Command Module, Lovell had to align the spacecraft using Earth’s position in the window and fire the Lunar Module’s descent engine at precise moments. These maneuvers, executed flawlessly, ensured the spacecraft stayed on a trajectory that would safely bring it back to Earth. The accuracy of these burns, given the limited tools available, remains one of the most celebrated acts of piloting in space history.
The Apollo 13 crew being interviewed in 1970 by Johnny Carson
By April 17, 1970, Lovell had successfully brought his crew home, splashing down safely in the Pacific Ocean. While Apollo 13 never landed on the Moon, the mission became known as a “successful failure” because of the safe return against all the odds.
Much of that success is credited to Lovell’s steady leadership, problem-solving skills, and ability to maintain composure under life-threatening conditions. His role in Apollo 13 is often cited as one of the finest examples of crisis management in the history of human spaceflight.
To be sure, everyone involved pitched in with every bit of their vigor and considerable skill, and Jim Lovell would have been the first to tell you that. In fact, he always did, showing hius stellar leadership long after Apollo 13.
After NASA
Lovell retired from NASA and the U.S. Navy in 1973, but he frequently returned to Florida for anniversaries, commemorations, and educational events. He co-authored Lost Moon: The Perilous Voyage of Apollo 13, which inspired the 1995 film Apollo 13. In later years, he appeared at Kennedy Space Center events to discuss the mission’s lessons in leadership and resilience as well as meeting members of an adoring public.
Lovell is survived by his four children: Barbara Harrison, James Lovell III, Susan Lovell, and Jeffrey Lovell, along with 11 grandchildren and 7 great-grandchildren. His wife Marilyn passed away in 2023.
Starship Flight 8 liftoff March 6 2025.
Photo: Richard Gallagher / FMN
What They Learn In Texas Will Inform Starship Sound Modeling For the Space Coast
As SpaceX’s Starship prepares for an ambitious launch schedule here at on the Space Coast at Kennedy Space Center, residents’ concerns about its acoustic impact on surrounding communities and environments have come to the forefront.
Dr. Kent Gee Photo: BYU
Dr. Kent Gee, a physics professor and Department Chair of the Physics and Astronomy department at Brigham Young University (BYU) leads a team dedicated to understanding the noise generated by this powerful rocket. He and his team of researchers have conducted sound studies for Starship in Texas and the SLS at Kennedy Space Center, yielding some interesting results.
SpaceX has stated that they plan to launch Starship from KSC this year, and indeed, construction of the launch mount for the world’s most powerful rocket continues apace at LC-39A. While a Starship launch from the Space Coast in 2025 may be an ambitious plan, it is safe to say that within the next year the area will see, hear and feel this rocket as it climbs off the launch pad and makes its way to orbit from Florida.
Artemis Testing
“I took the students to church and we were talking to people at Merritt Island,” Dr. Gee related to Talk of Titusville. “They said, oh, you’re from BYU, what are you doing here?”
“Everyone, every single person we talked to said they wanted to tell us that some Falcon 9 launches like rattled their windows and other ones you didn’t hear at all.”
Such stories are common on the Space Coast. Some days, one may barely hear a Falcon 9 in some areas of the region, while others in other places watching the same launch from a different place might report their windows rattling or their dog barking because of the thunder-like sound of the ascending rocket.
Measuring the acoustic impact of rockets like Starship is complex due to factors like atmospheric conditions and the rocket’s trajectory. Dr. Gee’s team utilizes various sound metrics, including A-weighted and Z-weighted Decibels, to capture a comprehensive picture of the noise levels. Their findings suggest that current environmental assessments may underestimate the true acoustic impact of such launches.
Dr. Gee told us “there’s a paper that we published on the Artemis I launch. We went due west [from the launch site.] I had people sitting there [about 30 km] due west.”
“I was on the other side of the Indian River south of Titusville, about 30 kilometers, basically southwest of [the launch pad.] We were about the same distance [as the team that was due west.] I got about 100 decibels where I was.”
The team located due west? Dr. Gee explained, “They didn’t even hear the noise at 30 kilometers.”
That may seem odd, but again, sound propagation is affected by a number of factors: local weather, winds, ambient humidity and of course the direction the rocket is flying.
Dr. Gee explained that the sound he experienced from Artemis was like many other launches with “Low frequencies. It was not quiet, but because it was such low frequencies, it wasn’t like overwhelmingly loud, but it was it was about what I expected, having been to prior launches and guessing.”
(a) Google Earth image annotated to show the measurement stations analyzed in this letter and their distances from LC-39B, as well as other locations of interest: SLS (not to scale) at LC-39B, the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB), Saturn-V viewing area, and the Crawlerway between the VAB and LC-39B. Shown also are the maximum 1-s OASPLs at each station after liftoff. (b) A four-microphone array at Station 7, in the middle of the Crawlerway. (c) A closeup of a weather-robust microphone ground plate setup at Station 3, with SLS in the background. From: “Space Launch System acoustics: Far-field noise measurements of the Artemis-I launch” Gee, Kent & Hart, Grant & Cunningham, Carson & Anderson, Mark & Bassett, Michael & Mathews, Logan & Durrant, J. & Moats, Levi & Coyle, Whitney & Kellison, Makayle & Kuffskie, Margaret. (2023). Space Launch System acoustics: Far-field noise measurements of the Artemis-I launch. JASA Express Letters. 3. 023601. 10.1121/10.0016878.
Dr. Gee added that “At [some places] 50 km [from the launch site,] it was like 80 Decibels and so it was like it hit like right across the Indian River. Maybe because the land mass was warmer and so you got upward refraction [of the noise] and then it bent back down.
Basic diagram of a rocket’s noise emissions. Via: FAA
“There’s some complicated stuff going on,” he added.
That would explain the wildly varying accounts of how loud Artemis I was in different parts of the Space Coast region. Some said it was almost quiet, others reported a teeth-chattering experience. It all depended on where the observer was located and whether the local conditions were favorable to sound traveling from the ascending SLS rocket to where they were.
How Loud Will Starship Seem?
Dr. Gee’s research in Texas reveals that a single Starship launch produces noise levels equivalent to 4–6 Space Launch System (SLS) launches or at least 10 Falcon 9 launches. Measurements taken during Starship’s fifth and sixth test flights indicated that even at distances of 10 kilometers, the sound was as loud as a rock concert. At 20 kilometers, it matched the noise level of a table saw or snow blower, and at 30–35 kilometers, it was comparable to a vacuum cleaner or hair dryer. That’s pretty loud.
“It’s got this low-frequency rumble that’s just overwhelming,” Dr. Gee explained. “And then on top of it, you have this kind of high-frequency popping. I call it crackle. It’s a very unique sound experience.”
The highest-amplitude event at all eight stations is the flyback sonic boom which set off car alarms at Stations 2 (10.1 km) and 4 (16.6 km). A prior Falcon 9 study (Anderson , 2024) shows near the landing pad, maximum launch noise exceeds the flyback boom, but that there is a range (∼2 km for the Falcon 9) beyond which the cylindrically spreading boom’s overpressure becomes larger in amplitude than the spherically spreading launch noise. The booster’s flyback boom’s overpressure of 7.1 psf (0.34 kPa) is part of a clean triple-shock waveform that is similar to Falcon 9’s signature (Anderson , 2024), despite the fact that Falcon 9 has a different geometry. An ongoing investigation into the aeroacoustic origins of Falcon 9’s triple boom, when complete, should also provide insights into the Super Heavy flyback boom.
If that’s reminiscent to old-timers in the area of the venerable Saturn V from the Apollo program, they aren’t far off. Saturn V launches were well known for their low-frequency rumbles, which gave launch spectators the feeling of the Earth shaking below their feet.
The sound power produced by SLS (202.4 dB) is still extremely loud. We compared the launch noise levels recorded at 5 km away from the rocket to the sound levels of a fresh bowl of crackling Rice Krispies® and found that SLS’s noise intensity at this distance from the rocket was approximately 40 million times greater than the crackling of cereal. If this comparison only leaves you more confused, you can think of it being about as loud as operating a chainsaw (but with the rocket over 5 km away).
The intense noise levels in Texas have raised concerns about potential impacts on nearby communities and wildlife there in the lower Rio Grande area and for people here on the Space Coast. Residents have reported instances of car alarms being triggered and windows rattling due to the sonic booms. Dr. Gee emphasizes the need for further studies to understand the long-term effects of repeated exposure to such noise, especially with plans for frequent launches.
An Osprey on the hunt in Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge Photo: Charles Boyer / Talk of Titusville
Starship Will Be Louder Than Falcon 9
“Titusville, Merritt Island, Cape Canaveral, those, those towns are, are gonna see greater sound levels than what you get with the Falcon 9,” Dr. Gee said.
As for the Starship Heavy noise experienced in Texas, “people are in Port Isabel — about 10 km away in Texas — they’re not reporting broken windows [after a Starship launch,]” he added. 10 km, or about 6.2 miles, is closer than any private property near LC-39A.
FAA diagram of noise from Starship launches
“I even suggested that resident surveys in the Boca Chica region would be helpful in assessing long range impacts.” Then Dr. Gee added, “I have to be careful because I don’t want to make people think that I’m calling out SpaceX saying you should XYZ. To me that’s the FAA or whoever’s job to say you ought to be looking at this because you could be gaining additional data that would be helpful in Florida.”
Dr. Gee added, “We’re trying to put out information that we feel, feel like is helpful to provide a, to paint a realistic picture of where this rocket fits in with other rockets and what sound levels might be expected according to at least the propagation over two flights of what we measured in the field.”
“In a proactive move, the Cape Canaveral City Council unanimously approved an upcoming $10,019 rocket launch impact study with the Florida Institute of Technology. Researchers will install sensor suites this summer at a handful of municipal and privately owned buildings across the 1.9-square-mile city, collecting data on decibel levels, vibrations and air quality before, during and after every launch through at least May 2026.”
Dr. Gee concluded that more data is needed to fully understand the noise effects of rocket launches, “There’s longer term impacts that we just don’t quite understand yet. And I think that’s, there’s opportunities for the science to catch up.” With the City of Cape Canaveral monitoring every launch from preset locations, models that Dr. Gee and the BYU team create will only be more informative.
One thing is certain: the Eastern Range is only going to get busier as more companies conduct more launches with more powerful rockets. While Starship, SLS, and Falcon 9 get all of the attention, New Glenn and Vulcan are also in the mix, and that’s before Relativity, Vaya Space, and others join the fray.
The LC-39A EIS
The ongoing environmental assessment for Launch Complex 39A (LC-39A) at Kennedy Space Center involves SpaceX’s Starship-Super Heavy launch and landings, with an expected high level of activity at the site.
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is preparing an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), not an Environmental Assessment (EA), due to changes in the vehicle’s design and operations since the 2019 EA, which found no significant impact.
The EIS process was initiated with a Notice of Intent published on May 10, 2024, and scoping meetings were held in June 2024 to gather public input. A release date for the Draft EA has not yet been announced.
Some stories are almost forgotten about Apollo 11’s launch from Pad LC-39A — seemingly small stories that actually had a huge effect on the mission happening as it did. One of those stories concerns a hydrogen leak late in the countdown on the third stage of the Saturn V that was poised to launch on July 16, 1969 – if it was not remediated, Apollo 11 would not have launched on the day that it did.
Stephen Coester, an engineer on the console that day has an excellent recollection of the events that morning, and Talk of Titusville would like to thank Mr. Coester for allowing us to share them here. Presented in his own words with only light editing for continuity, here is “Apollo 11 Final Countdown LH2 Leak That Could Have Changed History“
Launch Control Staff Member Stephen Coester’s Recollections
“My favorite Apollo memory was performing my final walkdown of the LUT just before launching Apollo 11. We were so aware of the enormity of what we were about to do. The MSS (mobile service structure) had been rolled back revealing the enormous Saturn V to full view. It was after dark and the spotlights were casting their cones of illumination on the stack.
“I was virtually alone on the tower as I examined every component of the LH2 system to be as sure as I could that “my” system would do its job. It was just me and the Saturn V with a bright moon overhead. I would look at the moon, then at the rocket and think, ” I don’t want to be anywhere but right where I am right now.”
“Long forgotten is the fact that the Apollo 11 launch was almost scrubbed on July 16. I was assigned to the launch console (C4HU) that maintained 100% liquid hydrogen level in the Saturn third stage which was used to propel the astronauts from earth orbit to the moon. Late in the propellant loading as we were beginning the S-IVB replenish operation, a large liquid hydrogen leak at -423 degrees occurred on the third stage replenish valve on the 200 foot level of the launch umbilical tower.
The scene in the Apollo 11 launch control center on July 11, 1969. Standing right, Apollo Program Director Lieutenant General Samuel C. Phillips monitors pre-launch activities for Apollo 11. Photo: NASA
“Loading was terminated and the lines drained to prevent a fire or explosion and a Red Crew went to the Pad to fix the problem. Using troubleshooting that I developed the Red Crew torqued packing and flange bolts and cycled the valve. then we resumed liquid hydrogen flow, but were unsuccessful in stopping the leak which prevented maintaining the 100% fuel level in the Saturn third stage. Without a full tank of liquid hydrogen there would be no launch.
The area of the leak. Photo credit: Stephen Coester
“Here is the location of the leaking valve (at left.)
“Finally the leak was isolated by freezing the valve by pouring water over it, but that made the critical valve inoperable. We then developed a way to use the large main fill valve which was not intended for that purpose to maintain the level and the launch countdown could finally continue. For several hours another engineer (CPH1) manually cycled the valve from his console as I reported the tank level as it fell below or exceeded 100%.
“See the PCR (procedure change request) that I wrote:
Via Stephen Coester’s personal papers
“If we hadn’t controlled the leak and maintained proper LH2 level the moon launch would have been scrubbed for at least July 16 and probably for several days.
Personnel within the Launch Control Center watch the Apollo 11 liftoff from Launch Complex 39A today at the start of the historic lunar landing mission. The LCC is located three-and-one-half miles from the launch pad. Photo: NASA
“I was twenty-eight years old when we landed on the moon, responsible for loading 600000 gallons of LH2 on the “moon rocket”. The managers were in their early thirties and someone over forty was “the old man”. Exciting times!”
In Summary
Exciting times indeed. Mr. Coester and the launch crew of Apollo 11 made indelible world history, and it was their work that made it possible for Neil Armstrong and Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin to take humanity’s first steps on another celestial body some four days later on July 20, 1969. History will always remember Armstrong, Aldrin and Command Module pilot Mike Collins, of course, but it should always remember the names Coester and so many other as well. It truly was a national effort.
Talk of Titusville would like to salute Mr. Coester and every person still living that helped the US launch the most important mission thus far in space exploration.
Video of Inside the Launch
Fran Blanche, a noted film historian, assembled this video of what it looked behind the scenes that day. This is well worth watching.
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