Many people have asked what pollutants are added to the atmosphere by a rocket launch. I did some research and made a table estimating the effluence of a launch.
How Much Pollution Does A Rocket Launch Create?
FAA Approves SpaceX Starship Activities At KSC
The 50,000 foot view
The Federal Aviation Administration released the Final Environmental Impact Statement and its Record of Decision regarding the matter this morning. The Record of Decision approves SpaceX to operate Starship-Super Heavy at Launch Complex 39A at Kennedy Space Center, clearing the final major regulatory hurdle for the company’s next-generation launch vehicle on Florida’s Space Coast.
Now, SpaceX needs to complete the build out its infrastructure at LC-39A, relocate Starship flight hardware from Boca Chica, Texas to KSC, and obtain the necessary FAA launch license(s) to launch the 408.1 feet (124.4 meter) tall rocket. It will be the most powerful rocket to ever launch from the Eastern Range, eclipsing the venerable Saturn V, New Glenn and even SLS Block I.
The decision authorizes up to 44 Starship-Super Heavy launches and 88 landings annually—44 each for the Super Heavy booster and Starship upper stage. Ocean landings on droneships in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans are also permitted.
The approval follows a 16-month environmental review process that began with a Notice of Intent published in May 2024, included multiple public comment periods, and culminated in the Final Environmental Impact Statement released today.
| Category | Details |
|---|---|
| 🚀 Approved Operations | |
| Annual Limits |
Approved 44 launches • 88 landings (44 Super Heavy + 44 Starship) • 88 static fires
|
| Infrastructure |
Approved ~800,000 sq ft improvements: launch mount, catch tower, propellant generation (methane liquefier, air separation unit), storage tanks, deluge ponds, water system (~518,000 L/launch) |
| ⚠️ Significant Environmental Effects | |
| Emissions |
Significant NOx: 385.66 tons/yr (54% over threshold, 4.35% of Brevard County) GHG: 217,354 MT CO2e/yr (319% over threshold, 2.81% of county) |
| Noise |
Significant Sonic booms exceed 60 dB CDNL on 28,595 acres off-KSC • Up to 82% awakening probability at night • Outdoor levels exceed 97 dB max at locations outside KSC/CCSFS |
| Air Traffic |
Significant Avg delay: ~40 min (up to 2 hrs) • Ground stops at Core 30 FL airports • Coordination with Canada, Bahamas, Mexico, Central America, Cuba |
| 🚧 Access Restrictions | |
| Closures |
Tests: ~396 hrs/yr (4.5%) • Launches/reentries: ~462 hrs/yr (5.3%) • Total: ~10% of year (half day/half night) NPS revenue impact: $239K–$423K/yr (13–24% loss to Canaveral National Seashore) |
| 🐢 Wildlife Conditions (USFWS) | |
| Training & Surveys |
Required All personnel: wildlife training before onsite work (species ID, sea turtle/scrub-jay/indigo snake/manatee protocols) • Pre-construction biological surveys required • Lighting Operations Manual for sea turtle season |
| Manatee |
Required Dedicated observer on vessels in Indian River Lagoon • 50 ft minimum distance • ≤10 knots where observed • No wake/idle near docks |
| 📊 Required Monitoring | |
| Species |
Monitoring Scrub-jay: 70% banded in 1 yr, 90% in 3 yrs; census pre/post breeding Sea turtle: Mar 1–Oct 31; 8 light surveys/yr; all hawksbill/Kemp’s ridley/leatherback nests monitored Beach mouse: Habitat use, survival, reproduction, population density |
| Physical |
Monitoring Noise: 3 events each for SH/Starship static fires, launches, landings (15 total) Vibration: Loggers at 0.3 mi, 15″ deep; min 3 launches |
| 🐋 Marine Conditions (NMFS) | |
| Distance & Vessel |
Required Activities ≥5 nm from coast (≥1 nm within 50 mi of LC-39A) • No coral reef landings • Dedicated observer on recovery ops • 300 ft from mammals, 150 ft from turtles • ≤10 kts near mother/calf |
| Right Whale |
Required 1,500 ft minimum distance • Nov–Apr: SH and Starship cannot both land in critical habitat same flight • No landings in active Slow/Dynamic Mgmt Areas • Flight reports within 30 days until full reusability |
| 🏛️ Historic Preservation (NHPA) | |
| Structures |
Monitoring 9 structures monitored through first 5 launches + 5 SH landings + 1 Starship landing: St. Gabriel’s Church, Pritchard House, Walker Apts (Titusville); Cocoa Jr High, Aladdin Theater (Cocoa); Cape Canaveral Lighthouse (CCSFS); John Sams House, St. Luke’s Church (Merritt Island); Beach House (KSC) Programmatic Agreement executed Nov 22, 2025 with FL SHPO & Seminole Tribe
|
| 📋 Public Notice & Coordination | |
| Notifications | Launch schedules via news outlets, KSC SIMS, NASASpaceflight.com, Florida Today app, Brevard County Emergency Mgmt |
| Claims | Property damage: insurance@spacex.com (SpaceX carries insurance per Commercial Space Launch Act) |
| Annual Meetings |
Required USFWS: Jan 1–31 annually (NASA, SpaceX, FAA, USFWS, NPS, USSF) • NHPA: November annually |
| Record of Decision: SpaceX Starship-Super Heavy at LC-39A, KSC | Signed: Jan 29, 2026 by Katie L. Cranor, FAA | FAA Project Page | |
Milestones To Launching Starship From Kennedy Space Center
Updated today:
| Status | Milestone | Date | Details |
|---|---|---|---|
| Complete | Notice of Intent PublishedFAA | May 10, 2024 | FAA initiated the EIS process via Federal Register publication |
| Complete | Public Scoping PeriodFAA | May–Jun 2024 | Public input gathered on scope of environmental review; ended June 24, 2024 |
| Complete | Draft EIS ReleasedFAA | Aug 4, 2025 | Draft EIS published for up to 44 launches and 44 landings per year |
| Complete | Draft EIS Comment PeriodFAA | Aug 4–Sep 29, 2025 | Hearings at KSC (Aug 26), Cape Canaveral (Aug 28), virtual (Sept 3); view comments |
| Complete | Final EIS PublicationFAA | Jan 30, 2026 | Final EIS published addressing all public comments |
| Complete | Record of Decision (ROD)FAA | Jan 30, 2026 | ROD issued with decision, mitigations, and monitoring requirements |
| Ongoing | Infrastructure CompletionSpaceX | Mid-2026 (proj.) | Launch mount (installed Nov 2025), tank farm, deluge system, chopstick upgrades |
| Pending | Vehicle Operator LicenseFAA | Expected 2026 | New or modified launch license for Starship-Super Heavy at LC-39A; FAA project page |
| Upcoming | First Starship LaunchSpaceX | 2026 (targeted) | Initial vehicles transported from Starbase, Texas via barge |
| Lead Agency: FAA | Cooperating: NASA, Dept. of Air Force, Coast Guard, Fish & Wildlife, National Park Service | Updated: Jan 30, 2026 | |||
FAA Documents
The original documents are at the FAA’s Project Website, located here
Executive Summary
Record of Decision
For those who are interested in reading the minutiae of the Decision, here is a list of links to all available documents:
Final EIS Documents: SpaceX Starship at LC-39A
Kennedy Space Center • Published January 30, 2026
The electronic versions of the Final EIS and ROD are available for download from the FAA website.
- Executive Summary
- Resumen Ejecutivo (Executive Summary – Spanish)
- Record of Decision (ROD)
- Final EIS – Volume I
- Appendix A: Public and Agency Involvement
-
Appendix B: Agency Consultations
- Appendix B1 USFWS Part 1
- Appendix B1 USFWS Part 2
- Appendix B1 USFWS Part 3
- Appendix B1 USFWS Part 4
- Appendix B2 NMFS EFH
- Appendix B3 NHPA Part 1
- Appendix B3 NHPA Part 2
- Appendix B3 NHPA Part 3
- Appendix B3 NHPA Part 4
- Appendix B3 NHPA Part 5
- Appendix B3 NHPA Part 6
- Appendix B3 NHPA Part 7
- Appendix B3 NHPA Part 8
- Appendix B3 NHPA Part 9
- Appendix B4 Section 4(f)
- Appendix B5 Coastal Consistency
- Appendix B6 NMFS ESA Part 1
- Appendix B6 NMFS ESA Part 2
- Appendix B6 NMFS ESA Part 3
- Appendix B6 NMFS ESA Part 4
- Appendix B7 MMPA
- Appendix C: Supplemental Information
- Appendix D: Applicable Regulations
Publication of the Final Environmental Impact Statement For Starship At KSC Due Soon
Photo: Charles Boyer
Things are hopping over at Kennedy Space Center. The Artemis II crew is preparing for humanity’s first crewed mission around the Moon in over 50 years, and Crew-12 awaits its turn to rotate astronauts aboard the International Space Station. That’s keeping NASA and its contracting partners working hard and tightly focused on the missions.
At the same time, the Federal Aviation Administration is on the verge of completing its environmental review of SpaceX’s plan to launch Starship from Launch Complex 39A.
The FAA’s first estimated completion date for the Final Environmental Impact Statement is January 30, 2026 — today — according to the federal permitting dashboard. While it may not be released today, it does indicate that the document and the Record of Decision will be released soon.
What’s At Stake
SpaceX could receive regulatory clearance to operate the world’s most powerful rocket from the same complex where Apollo 11 and dozens of Space Shuttle missions got their starts.
None of those historic missions ever concluded at LC-39A, however, and that’s part of what SpaceX is planning to do fairly regularly at KSC: launching Starship Heavy and landing Starship missions there after their job in space has been completed. Their proposal kicked off the process whose middle act could conclude any day now.
Where We Are In The Process
| Milestone | Date | Status | Details |
|---|---|---|---|
| Notice of Intent Published FAA |
May 10, 2024 | Complete | FAA initiated the EIS process via Federal Register publication |
| Public Scoping Period FAA |
May–June 2024 | Complete | Public input gathered on scope of environmental review; ended June 24, 2024 |
| Draft EIS Released FAA |
August 4, 2025 | Complete | Draft EIS published for up to 44 Starship launches and 44 landings per year |
| Draft EIS Public Comment Period FAA |
Aug 4–Sept 29, 2025 | Complete | Public hearings held at KSC (Aug 26), Cape Canaveral (Aug 28), and virtually (Sept 3) |
| Final EIS Publication FAA |
Q1 2026 (expected) | Pending | FAA will address all public comments and issue the Final EIS |
| Record of Decision (ROD) FAA |
~Jan 30, 2026 (est.) | Pending | FAA issues ROD with decision, mitigations, and monitoring requirements
Per permits.performance.gov estimated completion date
|
| Vehicle Operator License Issuance FAA |
After ROD | Upcoming | New or modified commercial launch license for Starship-Super Heavy operations at LC-39A |
| Infrastructure Completion SpaceX |
Mid-2026 (projected) | Upcoming | Launch mount (installed Nov 2025), tank farm, deluge system, chopstick upgrades, service structure outfitting |
| First Starship Launch from LC-39A SpaceX |
2026 (targeted) | Upcoming | Initial vehicles will be transported from Starbase, Texas via barge |
|
Lead Agency: FAA |
Cooperating Agencies: NASA, Dept. of the Air Force, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, National Park Service Source: FAA Stakeholder Engagement Portal, Federal Register, permits.performance.gov | Updated: January 2026 |
|||
The FAA Isn’t NASA Though…
At Kennedy Space Center, NASA and the FAA have distinct roles. NASA manages the spaceport and leases LC-39A to SpaceX. On the other hand, the FAA has authority over commercial launch licensing, and, as the responsible agency, it must complete an independent environmental review before SpaceX can launch or land Starship from the site.
“While the 2019 Environmental Assessment prepared by NASA provides an analytical baseline, the environmental impacts of these proposed changes to Starship-Super Heavy LC-39A development and operations will be specifically analyzed in this EIS,” the FAA noted in its project documentation.
The scope has changed dramatically since that 2019 assessment. SpaceX now proposes up to 44 Starship launches per year — nearly double the original 24 — along with booster catches at the pad using the company’s signature “chopstick” tower arms, a capability that didn’t exist when NASA issued its original Finding of No Significant Impact.
The FAA released its Draft EIS on August 4, 2025, triggering a public comment period that closed on September 29. The agency held public hearings at Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, and online, collecting feedback that must be addressed in the Final EIS before a Record of Decision can be issued.
Now the Final Environmental Impact Statement is on deck, and that could come out any day.
Meanwhile, Back At The Rocket Ranch…
SpaceX hasn’t sat on its hands waiting for regulatory approval. The company has transformed LC-39A over the past year, pivoting from a Starship tower not being worked on to an active construction site steadily advancing toward operational status.
The most visible progress came in November 2025, when SpaceX transported a new orbital launch mount from its Roberts Road manufacturing facility to the pad. The original mount design was scrapped earlier in 2025 in favor of hardware matching the company’s latest configuration at Starbase in Texas.
Other work continues as well — construction of a tank farm to store propellants, outfitting the service structure and more. Clearly, SpaceX expects good news in the EIS and ROD, and given that Starship is an integral part of Project Artemis, it’s fair to say that those two legal hurdles are effectively fait accompli, and that when they are released, they will be positive for this ongoing project.
DAF Releases Record of Decision For Starship At Cape Canaveral Pad LC-37
SpaceX just cleared a major hurdle for bringing Starship to Cape Canaveral.
The Department of the Air Force has officially signed off on a plan that lets SpaceX redevelop Space Launch Complex 37 for Starship and Super Heavy operations.
Their Record of Decision lays out how the company can rebuild the pad, transport hardware, and eventually fly and land the massive booster and ship right here on the Space Coast.
The approval covers everything from construction work to vehicle processing to road upgrades. Phillips Parkway and Old A1A inside Cape Canaveral Space Force Station will be widened so Starship hardware can move between the Cape and Kennedy Space Center.
The Record Of Decision Document
“No Practical Alternative”
The Air Force says there is no practical alternative to building at SLC-37, but it requires a long list of safeguards. Environmental controls were the most prominent conditions, including dust control, flood and hurricane resilience, noise-reduction systems, wildlife protections, historic-site monitoring, stormwater controls, and plans for wetlands and habitat restoration.
SpaceX must also cover the costs of any permanent habitat loss and follow strict rules for species such as the southeastern beach mouse, the Florida scrub-jay, and the gopher tortoise.
Practical Effects
Residents can expect traffic controls during construction and high-profile launches, continued public notifications for loud events and sonic booms, and a dedicated process for handling damage claims. The document also outlines how SpaceX and the Space Force will coordinate with the Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge, Cape Canaveral National Seashore, and nearby agencies to minimize disruptions.
With the decision signed on November 20, 2025, the path is now open for SpaceX to add Starship to Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy on the Eastern Range, marking another major expansion of launch activity on the Space Coast. The final lease agreement, pad construction and last but not least, Starship completing its development phase still remain, of course, so it will be a while before Starship launches here…but it won’t be a very long while.
See also: Department of the Air Force Releases Final Environmental Impact Statement For Starship At SLC-37
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