September 2025

Northrop Grumman’s Cygnus cargo craft awaits its capture by the International Space Station’s Canadarm2 robotic arm, commanded by NASA astronaut Matthew Dominick on Aug. 6, 2024.
Credit: NASA

SpaceX is planning to launch Falcon 9 and the Northrup-Grumman CRS-2 mission towards low Earth orbit and the International Space Station this evening. Shortly afterward, the Space Coast will hear a sonic boom as the booster returns to land at Cape Canaveral.

Launch time is scheduled for 6:11:48 PM ET in an instantaneous window. As is standard for most launches to Station, should weather or technical reasons prevent a launch at the time, SpaceX will be forced to stand down and wait for the next window tomorrow.

Payload

Tonight’s mission will be the Cygnus XL variant of Northrup-Gruman’s cargo delivery spacecraft. The XL is a “stretched” version that offers significantly more cargo volume and payload mass compared to earlier Cygnus versions. Specifically, it increases the cargo-carrying capacity by approximately 1,250 kg (roughly 33%) over the baseline, bringing its total payload capacity to around 5,000 kg (11,000 pounds) of pressurized cargo.

Among the research payloads are experiments for growing semiconductor crystals in microgravity, tools to refine technologies for cryogenic fuel tanks (which are critical for future space missions), and a UV light system designed to limit microbial growth in the station’s water systems. Also aboard are supplies for pharmaceutical crystal development with implications for cancer and other disease treatments. No ice cream this time, we checked and did not see it mentioned in NASA’s manifest.

Weather

Compared to other missions of late, the Launch Mission Execution Forecast from the 45th Weather Squadron of Space Launch Delta 45 is almost optimistic: 75% GO at launch time.

Trajectory

Northeast on the well-worn path to ISS:

Streaming Options

NASA will livestream the launch on NASA-TV. Coverage starts about 20-30 minutes before liftoff.

Spaceflight Now will have coverage of the launch starting about one hour before liftoff on Youtube: link

Please note that there is a delay between the launch stream and the actual countdown clock if you are watching in person. That is simply because of physics: it takes time for the signal to travel from the launch site, through the Internet, and back down to your phone, resulting in a five to fifteen-second delay.

For official updates regarding launch times, SpaceX.com is the best source of information. Starlink launch times change from time to time, and the company generally updates their website within minutes of the decision to change the launch time. This is very handy if none of the streaming options on YouTube have started their broadcasts.

Next Space Flight an app for iOS and Android phones, has a real-time countdown clock that is accurate to a second, give or take. The app is free. Search the App Store or Google Play. They are also available online at nextspaceflight.com.

A Falcon booster returning to land at Cape Canaveral
Photo: Charles Boyer

Launch Viewing: In Person

Since the launch is during the early evening, a lot of options are available for spectators: Jetty Park, the Banana River Bridge on FL 528 W or the southern Titusville parks on Washington Avenue / US-1 are your best bets. Jetty Park will have the best view of the booster return, but not as spectacular a view of liftoff. On the other hand, Titusville parks will have the opposite: a great view of liftoff but not as close as Jetty Park for the landing.

Playalinda Beach is several miles north of the launch pad, but ignition and of course the flight of the rocket and its return are visible from that location. If you go, go early in case the crowds are heavy.

Other options include The Space Bar, a rooftop bar at the Courtyard By Marriott in Titusville. It offers great views of the launches and a full bar and menu. Other options include New York, New York on the Indian River in Titusville, but if you want to grab a bite, go early, because their kitchen usually closes for the day around 6:30 PM.

File photo of a Falcon 9 lifting off from SLC-40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station,
Photo: Charles Boyer
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Perseverance rover. Graphic: ESA

NASA’s Perseverance rover may have stumbled on its most compelling clue yet in the hunt for ancient life on Mars. A rock sample taken from a dried-up riverbed in Jezero Crater, known as “Sapphire Canyon,” shows signs that could point to past microbial activity. The sample was collected in 2024 from a rock dubbed “Cheyava Falls,” and new findings published Wednesday in Nature highlight the presence of potential biosignatures.

These biosignatures—chemical or structural hints that might come from living organisms—aren’t proof of life, but they raise the stakes. More testing is needed to determine whether these clues came from biology or purely chemical processes.

“This discovery is exactly what the mission was designed to achieve,” said Nicky Fox, associate administrator for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate. “Now that the findings have passed peer review, the wider scientific community can dig into the data and help determine whether life once existed here.”

“These chemical ingredients could have fueled microbial metabolisms,” explained Joel Hurowitz of Stony Brook University, the study’s lead author. “But seeing interesting chemistry alone wasn’t enough—we had to consider what those signals might really mean.”

Perseverance discovered Cheyava Falls while studying the Bright Angel formation—rocky outcrops lining the ancient river channel Neretva Vallis, once a corridor for water flowing into Jezero Crater. The valley spans roughly 400 meters across.


Where on Mars the Perseverance rover found potential biosignatures.
Photo: JPL

Perseverance’s onboard instruments, PIXL and SHERLOC, scanned the Cheyava Falls rock—an angular slab about 3.2 feet by 2 feet in size—and detected a mix of clay and silt, both ideal for preserving ancient microbial life. The rock also contained a promising chemical cocktail: organic carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, and rusted iron.

The instruments spotted what looked like colorful patches on the rock’s surface, which may have formed if microbes once fed on its nutrients. Closer inspection revealed distinct mineral patterns—dubbed “leopard spots”—marking areas of chemical activity called reaction fronts.

“This is the closest we’ve come to finding evidence of life on Mars,” said acting NASA Administrator Sean Duffy. “This potential biosignature, discovered by a mission launched under President Trump, marks a breakthrough that deepens our understanding of the Red Planet. We remain committed to pursuing world-class science—and to one day putting American boots on Martian ground.”

What Was Found

Two key minerals stood out: vivianite, a hydrated iron phosphate commonly found near decaying organic matter on Earth, and greigite, an iron sulfide that some microbes also produce. Their presence suggests a kind of electron transfer reaction—where minerals interact with organic matter—that microbes might have used to generate energy.

Still, these minerals can also form without life under the right conditions, like high heat or acidity. But those conditions don’t seem to apply here—the rocks show no signs of extreme temperatures or acidic environments, and it’s unclear whether the available organic material could spark such reactions in cold settings.

One surprising twist: the rocks at Cheyava Falls are relatively young. Scientists had expected signs of ancient life to be buried in much older formations. This raises the possibility that Mars stayed habitable longer than assumed—or that other, older rocks might also preserve life’s fingerprints in ways we’ve yet to detect.

Extraordinary Claims Require Extraordinary Proof

“Extraordinary claims—especially about potential life beyond Earth—demand extraordinary evidence,” said Katie Stack Morgan, Perseverance’s deputy project scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. “Publishing this as a peer-reviewed study is a critical milestone. While non-biological explanations are still on the table, they now seem less likely based on our current data.”

To assess such findings, scientists apply rigorous standards like the CoLD scale and NASA’s own frameworks for evaluating biosignatures. These tools help researchers determine how confident they can be in signals that may—or may not—point to life beyond Earth.
To assess such findings, scientists apply rigorous standards like the CoLD scale and NASA’s own frameworks for evaluating biosignatures. These tools help researchers determine how confident they can be in signals that may—or may not—point to life beyond Earth.

The Confidence of Life Detection Scale
via Wikipedia
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This week, weather has definitely not been SpaceX’s friend. Due to a stalled frontal boundary to the north of the Space Coast, thunderstorms have been nearly continuous for several days, keeping Falcon 9 and the Nusantara Lima mission on the pad waiting for its launch. Tonight, the company plans its third attempt.

At A Glance

Details
Mission Falcon 9 Block 5 | Nusantara Lima — Go for Launch!
Organization SpaceX
Location Cape Canaveral SFS, FL, USA
Rocket Falcon 9
Pad Space Launch Complex 40
Status Go for Launch
Status Info Current T-0 confirmed by official or reliable sources.
Window Opens Wednesday, 09/10/2025 8:00 PM
Window Closes Wednesday, 09/10/2025 9:55 PM
Destination Geostationary Transfer Orbit
Satellite Operator PT Pasifik Satelit Nusantara (PSN), Indonesia
Mission Description Nusantara Lima is an Indonesian geostationary communications satellite with a capacity of more than 160 Gbps.

As of 12:18 PM Wednesday September 10, 2025. Launch times are subject to change or cancellation at any time. Consult SpaceX.com for more information.

Weather

Not great, but improving: the Space Force’s 45th Weather Squadron of Launch Delta 45 is calling for a 40->60% probability of acceptable weather. Essentially, they are saying that weather will improve through the launch window — it will be 40% at 8:00pm and by the end of the window that will increase to 60%.

Of course, that’s just a forecast, and the launch probabilities will be calculated continuously through the launch window until Falcon 9 lifts off or SpaceX calls off the launch.

Trajectory

Launch Viewing: In Person

The best free options are available for spectators: Jetty Park, the Banana River Bridge on FL 528 W or the southern Titusville parks on Washington Avenue / US-1 are your best bets.

The Space Bar will be open through the launch window. 

Launch Viewing: Online

Spaceflight Now will have coverage of the launch starting about one hour before liftoff on Youtube: link

For official updates regarding launch times, SpaceX.com is the best source of information. Starlink launch times change from time to time, and the company generally updates their website within minutes of the decision to change the launch time. This is very handy if none of the streaming options on YouTube have started their broadcasts.

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File photo of a Falcon 9 launching from SLC-40 in 2024.
Photo: Charles Boyer

A final environmental assessment approved by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) clears the path for SpaceX to build and operate a Falcon 9 rocket landing zone at Space Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station.

NOTE: this is not either one of the two Starship EA currently underway for the Eastern Range.

The assessment also supports an increase in the number of annual Falcon 9 launches from SLC-40, raising the cap from 50 to 120 per year. The FAA’s decision, finalized in August 2025, comes after months of federal coordination, public comment, and technical review.

The document is below, and it can also be downloaded from the FAA website: SpaceX Falcon 9 Operations at Space Launch Complex-40.

Falcon LC40 LZ and Launch Increase EADownload

FAA Approval Enables New Landing Zone, Expanded Launch Schedule

The FAA, acting as the lead federal agency, reviewed SpaceX’s proposal to both increase the number of Falcon 9 launches and construct a 400-foot-diameter concrete landing pad east of the SLC-40 pad. According to the final Environmental Assessment (EA), the FAA concluded that the project would not cause significant adverse environmental impacts.

With this approval, SpaceX may now move forward in seeking:

  • A modification to its current launch license (LLO 18-105),
  • A potential new launch license under 14 CFR Part 450, and
  • Airspace closure approvals for each launch and landing.

The FAA emphasized that environmental clearance does not automatically guarantee license approval but does permit further steps toward that end.

Construction of the new landing zone will occur within a 10-acre lease boundary adjacent to the existing launch site. The landing zone includes a concrete pad, gravel apron, nitrogen gas line, processing pedestal, and associated infrastructure.

Falcon 9 Operations at SLC-40
Figure 2-5. Proposed Landing Zone
Final Environmental Assessment 2-7 August 2025

Environmental Effects

Water & Wetlands

Florida Scrub Jay in MINWR. Photo: Charles Boyer

The final EA identified that the construction and operation of the new landing site will affect several protected habitats and species, notably the Florida scrub-jay and Southeastern beach mouse. In consultation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, a Biological Opinion concluded the project “is not likely to jeopardize” listed species or critical habitats, provided mitigation measures are followed. Those measures include habitat compensation and best management practices during construction.

Noise and Sonic Booms

Noise impacts—especially those resulting from rocket landings—were analyzed in detail. Falcon 9 landings at Cape Canaveral generate sonic booms, but the FAA determined that their frequency and intensity fall within previously analyzed limits. Up to 34 landings annually are expected to take place at the new SLC-40 site. Downrange ocean landings using drone ships will continue for the remainder.

The EA also confirmed that sonic boom pressure levels from the new landing zone would be comparable to existing operations at LZ-1 and LZ-2. Noise levels would be highest during landings but occur infrequently enough that they do not trigger significant regulatory thresholds under federal guidance.

From Appendix B “Final Environmental Assessment Falcon 9 Operations at SLC-40” via the FAA

Public Input

The FAA received more than 4,000 public comments during the review period for the draft EA. Public engagement included virtual meetings, local newspaper notices, and hard copies of the document being distributed to several Brevard County libraries.

According the FAA, most comments expressed support or posed technical questions, with at least one requesting that the FAA produce a full Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), citing concerns about cumulative effects and development intensity. The FAA opted to finalize the EA instead, citing that the expected impacts did not reach the threshold requiring a more extensive EIS process.

No substantial objections were raised by local municipalities or regulatory agencies. The Florida Department of Environmental Protection, for instance, found the project consistent with the Florida Coastal Management Program.

With the EA finalized and a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) likely, the next phase will involve regulatory and operational coordination:

  1. FAA Licensing – SpaceX must receive formal approval to modify its current launch license or obtain a new one under updated regulations.
  2. Property Agreement – The Department of the Air Force must execute a real property agreement allowing SpaceX to lease and develop the LZ.
  3. Permitting – SpaceX will need a modified Environmental Resource Permit (ERP) from the state and a stormwater permit under the federal National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES).
  4. Construction and Testing – Once approved, construction is expected to begin ahead of the LZ-1/2 license expiration in early 2026.
  5. Airspace Coordination – FAA will continue issuing Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs), while the Coast Guard will support maritime safety operations during launches and landings.

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